on grand corruption- '...in the past , probably before the possibility of a policeman becoming corrupt was even in contemplation, there was little, if any, formal instruction on the dangers awaiting new recruits when once released upon the public. With regard to the then relatively small proportion of officers who eventually became corrupt, it is doubtful that early training in the habit of integrity would have deterred most of those police officers who were easily corruptible... the possibility of new officers being obliged to adopt the prevailing culture of GROUP SELF-PROTECTION, the CODE OF SILENCE, and STEP-BY-STEP ENTRY INTO DISHONESTY, is very great...; Campbell, D.(2002) POLICE CORRUPTION, Chichester, England: Barry Rose Law Publishers Ltd. ISBN 1-902681-29-0.